![]() Symmetric encryption is widely used today to protect the confidentiality of data both “at rest”-that is, in storage-and “in transit”-that is, in communications. 5 It is fast enough that with a little hardware support, it is unlikely to be a bottleneck in a computer system. Public competition that solicited designs from cryptographers around the world. Micali, 1986, How to construct random functions, Journal of the ACM 33(4):792–807. Goldreich, 2004, Foundations of Cryptography. Lindell, 2021, Introduction to Modern Cryptography, Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.ģ O. Shoup, 2020, “A Graduate Course in Applied Cryptography,” Version 0.5, January. The most commonly used private-key encryption algorithm today is the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm, which was chosen by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001 through aġ D. Figure 2.1 illustrates the operation of private-key encryption. The recipient can apply a second algorithm to the matching decryption key and ciphertext to decrypt the ciphertext and recover the original plaintext, but without it the ciphertext reveals no meaningful information about the plaintext. ![]() 4 To keep information (called plaintext) secret, the sender encrypts it by applying an algorithm to the plaintext and key to obtain ciphertext. The simplest form of encryption is called private-key encryption or symmetric encryption. Further cryptographic techniques in common use can be used to ensure the integrity or authenticity of data. Historically, encryption was developed to ensure the confidentiality of data. This chapter begins by introducing the kinds of cryptographic algorithms most commonly used today. 1, 2, 3 CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS IN USE TODAY Some techniques are in widespread use today others are emerging. Modern cryptography uses techniques from mathematics to accomplish a variety of goals, including keeping data secret, authenticating data, and detecting dishonest behavior.
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